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# ARCHAEOTRAVEL.eu

Joanna Pyrgies

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## Posts

- [The Angel Perching on Abraham's Chair Carved on the Cross](https://archaeotravel.eu/the-angel-perching-on-abrahams-chair-carved-on-the-cross/) - After a visit at the Trinity College with its glamorous Book of Kells, filled with the Gospel message written and illuminated on its folios in the Golden Age, we headed to County Kildare, in search of further lessons on Christian Irish lore carved at the time of Ceile-De, the monastic movement from before the beginning
- [The Pages of the Book of Kells Inspired by Angels](https://archaeotravel.eu/the-pages-of-the-book-of-kells-inspired-by-angels/) - …before the morning on which the scribe was to begin the book, an angel stood before him in a dream and showing him a picture drawn on a tablet which he had in his hand,[and] said to him, “Do you think that you can draw this picture on the first page which you propose to
- [Sleeping Beauty of the Underworld](https://archaeotravel.eu/sleeping-beauty-of-the-underworld/) - Numinous statuettes of Malta from the late Neolithic (3200-2500 B.C.) are one of the unique expressions of the mysterious culture of megalithic builders who abruptly appeared and lived on the Island between 3800 and 2500 BC., scattering around it over twenty constructions, today referred to as temples (Biaggi 1986:131; Magli 2009:49). For this reason the
- [Ancient Lycia in the Middle of Anatolian Traditions](https://archaeotravel.eu/ancient-lycia-in-the-middle-of-anatolian-traditions/) - When I now look back over ten years of my archaeological exploration of the world, I distinctly remember my summer travel to Lycian Turkey and its ancient rock-cut tombs encrusting high and steep cliffs. Such monuments of sepulchral architecture are scattered around the whole region of Lycia and partially the neighbouring Caria. They both are
- [From Biblical Samson to Irish Rebels. Stories of Heroes of Old Kilcullen Monastic Site.](https://archaeotravel.eu/from-biblical-samson-to-irish-rebels-stories-of-heroes-of-old-kilcullen-monastic-site/) - Old Kilcullen is a spectacular ecclesiastical site located on top of a small hill, offering breathtaking views of the surrounding countryside that stretch as far as the eye can see. From this elevated vantage point, one can appreciate the lush greenery and rolling landscapes that characterize the area, including the massive hill-fort, Dún Ailinne, which
- [Hermitage of the Archangel in Ireland](https://archaeotravel.eu/hermitage-of-the-archangel/) - Summer weather was at its best while we were driving south along the Ring of Kerry, which is also a stage of the famous Wild Atlantic Way with sea-salted shores and blowing winds. The scenery was breath-taking - it was like stepping into a picture book. Our destination, the Skellig Islands, lie 12 km off
- [Living Retrospectives of Saint Michael's Apparitions on Monte Gargano](https://archaeotravel.eu/living-retrospectives-of-saint-michaels-apparitions-on-monte-gargano/) - "Where the rocks open wide, there the sins of mankind are forgiven. This is the special place where any noxious action is washed off". Quotation of the Archangel's words in the 'De Apparitione Sancti Michaelis', the inscription running above the entrance to the Celestial Basilica, in D'Ovidio, 2018. Two days before the feast of Saint Michael starts on 29th
- [The Archanegel of God from the Giant's Mount in Apulia](https://archaeotravel.eu/the-archanegel-of-god-from-the-giants-mount-in-apulia/) - "The Sanctuary of Saint Michael the Archangel is famous not for the splendor of its marbles, but for the miraculous events that took place here: in its form it is modest, but rich in heavenly virtues, because Saint Michael the Archangel himself built and consecrated it, and, mindful of human weakness, he himself descended from
- [Apollo at the Top of the Acropolis of Rhodes](https://archaeotravel.eu/apollo-at-the-top-of-the-acropolis-of-rhodes/) - Although the Google Map showed an estimated time of reaching the hill of Acropolis in thirty minutes, my uncle and I did not take into account the heat, generously sent by Helios, and the fact that we should first climb the path leading up to the hill (see: Island of the Sun in Favour of
- [Holy Island in the Ocean of the Egyptian Desert](https://archaeotravel.eu/holy-island-in-the-ocean-of-the-egyptian-desert/) - Off the coast island of Lindisfarne was a major stop on our way through the historic region of Northumbria (modern-day County Northumberland). To reach the island, we needed to cross the causeway that twice a day is covered by the tide. We had checked the tide table before our arrival, as at high tide, the causeway is
- [Disaster of the Bronze Age Spreads Beyond the Epicenter](https://archaeotravel.eu/disaster-of-the-bronze-age-spreads-beyond-the-epicenter/) - Experts have only recently learnt the true scale of the disaster triggered by the volcano eruption on Thera (see: The World Ended When Gods Turned against the Minoans). As they have concluded, its deadly impact stretched far beyond the island of the tiny Minoan island (Mitchel 2011). The volcano spewed out huge plumes of ash,
- [Listening to the Singing Colossi](https://archaeotravel.eu/listening-to-the-singing-colossi/) - We had already crossed to the west bank from the east bank of the Nile, departing from the iconic temples of the living gods in Karnak and Luxor and heading off to mortuary temples of kings and queens of the pharaonic Egypt. The sun slowly started to set down a little by little, turning the
- [ARCHAEOLOGICAL (PHOTOGRAPHY) TOURS GUIDED IN ENGLISH](https://archaeotravel.eu/archaeological-photography-tours-guided-in-english/) - Book a private guide/archaeologist (and chauffeur) in the Republic of Ireland. Contact us! it can be either one of our proposals, or a tailor-made offer. Photography tours on request. My name is Joanna. I am an art historian and archaeologist specializing in the theology of early Christianity and the history of early medieval Europe. This topic is
- [Following 'Via Michaelica', from the Mounts to the Caves](https://archaeotravel.eu/following-via-michaelica-from-the-mountains-peaks-to-the-caves/) - As an archaeologist, currently conducting PhD research on early Christianity, I have embarked on an expedition, or rather a pilgrimage, that takes me in most of its complexity with the Seven Archangels, and the seven sanctuaries-mounts dedicated to Saint Michael. They were built along the ley line, stretching southwards from northern Europe, with the Skellig Michael
- [Wyspa Megalitów, Archaniołów, Świętych i Uczonych](https://archaeotravel.eu/wyspa-megalitow-archaniolow-swietych-i-uczonych/) - Na przełomie maja i czerwca 2024 organizujemy 10-dniowy wyjazd po Irlandii o charakterze archeologiczno-fotograficznym. W programie znajdą się zabytki epok prehistorycznych, skarby chrześcijańskie minionego Kościoła Celtyckiego, zapierająca dech w piersiach natura Szlaku Atlantyckiego, oraz pobyt w malowniczych hotelach i zamkach rozsianych na wyspie. Charakterystyczną zaletą wyjazdu jest możliwość odkrycia tajemnic archeologii alternatywnej, jak teoria kontaktów
- [Yucatan 'Mountains Filled with Water' in the Maya's Underground](https://archaeotravel.eu/yucatans-mountains-filled-with-waterof-the-mayas-underground/) - We landed at the Cancún airport a day ago and I felt as if I had been in Mexico for at least a week. In one day, loads of impressions, images, stories, information and guesses summoned up in my head. That would be enough for a whole month; my continuously analyzing mind was just making
- [Gibbor in the Museum of Louvre](https://archaeotravel.eu/mighty-one-in-the-louvre/) - The Louvre Museum is without doubt one of the most famous and largest museums in the world. Its Department of Near Eastern Antiquities display, inter alia, 37 monumental bas-reliefs discovered in 1840s by Paul-Emile Botta at the site of Khorsabad (ancient site of Dur-Sharrukin) (Joshua 2014; The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica 2016). The city itself
- [The Middle-Way Point of the Angels' Battle in the Piedmont Region](https://archaeotravel.eu/the-middle-way-point-of-the-angels-battle-in-the-piedmont-region/) - Turin was very warm but covered in clouds yesterday so I was afraid of an inclement weather on the following day, when together with my travel companion and friend, Gosia, we were going to climb up the Alpes. Our destination was the famous sanctuary of Sacra di San Michele; its impressive silhouette has perched on
- [Sacred Geography Enclosed in the Idea of the Apollo-Saint Michael Axis](https://archaeotravel.eu/sacred-geographythe-apollo-saint-michael-axis/) - The definition of Sacred Geography "may be broadly [understood] as the regional [or global] geographic locating of sacred places according to various […] factors” (Gray 1982-2020). Accordingly, “certain geographical features and areas figure more prominently than others on the sacred map” (Forbes-Boyte 2011). Were they all chosen by a mere accident or were they selected
- [Farne Islands, known as the ‘Islands of the Pilgrims’](https://archaeotravel.eu/farne-islands-known-as-the-islands-of-the-pilgrims/) - It was a relaxing end to the day as we enjoyed a sunset cruise around the Farne Islands. We departed from Seahouses Village, after very good dinner at Lewis's Fish Restaurant in the town centre. We were staying nearby, at the White Swan Inn, in Belford, around eight kilometres from Bamburgh Castle. The hotel features sparkle
- [The Shaft of A Monumental High Northumbrian Cross at Bewcastle](https://archaeotravel.eu/the-shaft-of-a-monumental-high-northumbrian-cross-at-bewcastle/) - At Bewcastle in North Cumbria, there's a parish church dedicated to Saint Cuthbert, and the shaft of an early medieval monumental cross. The Bewcastle Cross and a nearby Ruthwell Cross on the Solway Coast, are probably the finest to survive from Anglo-Saxon Britain. Their style looks to Northumbria, and beyond there to Rome, Ravenna, the Eastern Mediterranean, including Christian Syria and Egypt. They are likely to date from after 675 when this area had come under Northumbrian rule, and when Benedict Biscop brought masons and artists from the Continent to work at Monkwearmouth/Jarrow. The Middle Eastern links are not so surprising: many monks and craftsmen fled persecution and went to the British-Isles, producing strong artistic and theological links between those two remote Christian traditions.
- [Discovered but Uncovered Palenque of the Ancient Maya](https://archaeotravel.eu/discovered-but-uncovered-palenque-of-the-ancient-maya/) - Having entered the Mayan city of Palenque, I left a group of colleagues slightly behind to plunge into the labyrinth of the Palace complex. From there, the facade of the Temple of the Inscriptions kept proudly looking at me, while holding its mystery intact. For a moment, I was slowly walking among the jagged ruins,
- [Saint Anne of Nubia - "It Will Make You Specheless.”[1]](https://archaeotravel.eu/saint-anne-of-nubia/) - The paper describes the iconography of a fragmentary preserved Makurian wall painting representing St. Anne (circa 8th – 9th centuries). The artefact belongs to the Christian culture of Nubia (present-day Sudan) and once adorned the inside of the Faras Cathedral (circa 8th – 14th centuries) before the construction of the Aswan High Dam in Egypt. The article is also reminiscent of the Nubia Campaign (1961-1964) led by the Polish archaeologist, Professor Kazimierz Michałowski. It was an international rescue archaeology mission that helped to save over 150 medieval wall paintings and other priceless artefacts from their ultimate destruction. Subsequently, all these preserved objects have been stored and put on display in two museums: the National Museum in Khartoum, Sudan and the National Museum in Warsaw, Poland, where the permanent exhibition of the Faras Gallery was created in 1972. In the collection of 67 wall paintings from the Faras Cathedral, which were moved to the Museum in Warsaw, there is also the representation of St. Anne, the Mother of the Virgin Mary. Eventually, her image has become the logo of the Museum of Warsaw. The text focuses on the significance of the iconographic elements of the painting, especially St. Anne’s mysterious gesture of her finger on the lips. The article attempts as well to trace back the origins of the apocryphal character of St. Anne and her meaning for Christian women in Egypt and Nubia. Finally, It is hoped this study will bring closer the history of Christianity in Makuria and its precious monuments.
- [The Gesture of Saint Anne of Faras and its Mysteries](https://archaeotravel.eu/the-gesture-of-saint-anne-of-faras-and-its-mysteries/) - The paper describes the iconography of a fragmentary preserved wall painting representing St. Anne. It belongs to the Christian culture of Nubia (present-day Sudan) and had once adorned the inside of the Faras Cathedral before the construction of the Aswan High Dam in Egypt. The article is also reminiscent of the Nubia Campaign led by the Polish archaeologist, Professor Kazimierz Michałowski. It was an international rescue archaeology mission that helped to save over 150 wall paintings and other priceless artefacts from their destruction. Subsequently, all these objects have been preserved in two museums: in the National Museum in Khartoum, Sudan and in the National Museum in Warsaw, Poland, where the permanent exhibition of the Faras Gallery was created in 1972. Among 67 wall paintings from the Faras Cathedral that were moved to the Museum in Warsaw, there is also the representation of St. Anne. Eventually, her mysterious image has become a the Faras Gallery’s recognisable Logo.
- [Decorative Technique of Mosaics Classified as Monumental Painting](https://archaeotravel.eu/decorative-technique-of-mosaics-classified-as-monumental-painting/) - French: mosaïque; Italian: mosaico; quadro - mosaic-style painting, showing geometric and floral motifs. A mosaic consists in arranging a pattern composed of small, various shapes of coloured stones, glass and ceramics on a properly prepared substrate, for example, of fresh lime mortar, cement or mastic. The individual mosaic tiles are called tesserae. The mosaic gives
- [Paradise Garland of the Islands](https://archaeotravel.eu/paradise-garland-of-the-islands/) - The Maldivian Archipelago consists of over a thousand flat islands clustered among ring-shaped coral reefs, known as atolls. It is for many a dream holiday destination, regarded nearly as a a piece of paradise. Long white beaches with powder sand, stunning nature and the richness of the ocean are some of the aspects that attract travellers from the entire world. Most of them, however, are unaware of the true past of the islands, or the current customs prevailing there. It is therefore worth unveiling the heavenly curtain and looking through it at another dimension of life in the Maldives and their forgotten ancient past.
- [Hopperstad Stavekirke: Under the Surveillance of Wooden Dragons](https://archaeotravel.eu/hopperstad-stavekirke-under-the-surveillance-of-wooden-dragons/) - The Normans! It is hard to imagine how much indescribable fear these sea peoples triggered in Europe throughout the entire ninth century (Rops 1969:495). When these terrible pirates appeared at the mouths of the rivers, the bells rang with alarm; all city gates were shut up, and its terrified defenders appeared on the ramparts (Ibid.:495-496).
- [Successive Stages of the Analysis of a Work of Art](https://archaeotravel.eu/successive-stages-of-the-analysis-of-a-work-of-art/) - The multitude of images in our everyday life means that we usually lack time to look at them closely, without their careful analysis, or their correct interpretation, not to mention a proper methodology for such an interpretation, which we usually prefer to leave in the hands of historians of art. Anne D'Alleva, a historian of
- [Through the Passageway of the Khmers' Stargate of Angkor Tom](https://archaeotravel.eu/through-the-passageway-of-the-khmers-stargate-of-angkor-tom/) - A soaring, pyramidal stone gateway was rising just in front of me. It was covered with terraces of carvings, shaped by mythological world of ancient Khmers and their beliefs. The gate was one of five identical monumental portals built as a part of a defensive, twelve-metres long wall surrounding a squared area of Angkor Thom
- [Within the Walls of Imperial Cities](https://archaeotravel.eu/within-the-walls-of-imperial-cities-2/) - We were slowly moving in the direction of the magical Red City, Marrakesh. It was going to be my second visit in this amazing place and though it was a few years ago I still remembered delightful activities it offered: a walk through the charming and mysterious Medina, a visit to the Ben Youssef Madrasa,
- [War and Peace in the Standard of Ur](https://archaeotravel.eu/war-and-peace-in-the-standard-of-ur/) - From the reconstructed Standard of Ur (see: Artifact from the Grave PG 779 in Ancient Ur), it can be observed that the box itself consists of two panels, sloping together towards the top and two end pieces, which are triangular but cut off at the top (McDonald 2013). All the four sides of the Standard
- [Artifact from the Grave PG 779 in Ancient Ur](https://archaeotravel.eu/war-and-peace-of-ur/) - During my several months’ stay in London, one of the sites I visited most frequently was undoubtedly the British Museum. Apart from contemporary exhibitions, the entrance to the Museum is free of charge so it would be a pity to miss it, especially for someone who loves wandering around ancient artifacts. As a museums expert,
- [Abbey Inscribed in Life of Christian Community](https://archaeotravel.eu/abbey-inscribed-in-life-of-christian-community/) - More generally speaking, an abbey is a Christian community of monks overseen by an abbot, or of nuns by an abbess. Precisely, it is a monastic complex focused on a church or even a cathedral. In terms of architecture, the church stands for the main building of that community. The whole abbey is composed hence
- [Abacus in Architecture of Classical Greece](https://archaeotravel.eu/abacus-plural-abacuses-or-abaci/) - In plural: abacuses or abaci; from Latin: abacus; from Greek: ábaks. A square plate constituting the uppermost part of the capital (head) of a column. In the Doric order, the abacus together with the echinus form the actual capital; in Ionic and Corinthian orders, it is a thin profiled and decorated plate; in Ionic and
- [Sliabh na Callighe (Mountains of the Witch)](https://archaeotravel.eu/sliabh-na-callighe-mountains-of-the-witch/) - In March we left for one-week study trip to the Boyne Valley. It was just a few days after heavy snowfall swamped the whole Ireland. Dubbed by the media as the “Beast from the East”, the cold wave had subsided after three days leaving behind white patches of snow and a hope for spring. Personally,
- [Ballyedmonduff Wedge Tomb Within the Lore of Giants](https://archaeotravel.eu/ballyedmonduff-wedge-tomb-within-the-lore-of-giants/) - Like two months before Christmas, 2018, a group of three archaeology students started to conduct a thorough archaeological survey of Ballyedmonduff wedge tomb in Co. Dublin, in order to gain a better understanding of the site. I was one of them. Although we were not allowed to do proper archaeological digs, we documented instead the
- [Magic in the Hag’s Cairn of the Loughcrew Hills at the Equinox Rising Sun](https://archaeotravel.eu/magic-in-the-hags-cairn-of-the-loughcrew-at-the-equinox-rising-sun/) - Let's take a closer look at the Cairin T, located in the megalithic Loughcrew complex. It is the major mound with its numerous satellite hills scattered around it. Throughout ages, the Cairn has been written down in history as the Cairn of the Witch or the Hag's Cairn. What is then a magic that may have happened there? Generally, all the hills, including the main mounds, are designated for sacred burials of the Neolithic. Nevertheless, there are researchers claiming their role was to serve ancient astronomical observations and only later the cairns were changed into passage tombs. There is even a theory, the Cairn T contains an encrypted message still being revealed by means of unknown symbols read by the rising sun at the equinoxes. Some legends ascribed to the Hag's Cairn tell about its relation to the Stone of Destiny and to such personnages as the Bible Prophet, Jeremiah, Ollamh Fodhla or to mysterious peoples of the Tuatha de Danann. On the whole, the complex of Loughcrew is famous for numerous mysteries still waiting to be solved.
- [Shapes of the Architectural Oasis of Al-Andalus](https://archaeotravel.eu/shapes-of-the-architectural-oasis-of-al-andalus/) - 'It is said that whoever has not seen Granada has seen nothing', said our guide breathing in the air coming from the river. It was filled with the magic of spices and the scent of flowers. Granada is one of the most popular cities in the Andalusia region. It stretches along the Genil River, right
- [Mount Sinai Trekking in Search of the God at Sunrise](https://archaeotravel.eu/mount-sinai-trekking-in-search-of-the-god-at-sunrise/) - That night was simply full of magic and mysticism. When we reached our starting point to head off the Mount Sinai, the world had already laid down in darkness, yet disfigured with a thousand spots of light coming from clusters of bonfires and torches. Black silhouettes of Bedouins and camels were standing out sharply against
- [Acrobatic Somersault of the Egyptian Dancer from Turin](https://archaeotravel.eu/egyptian-dancer-from-turin/) - One of the world’s greatest museums is situated in Turin, in the north of Italy. It is the only museum other than Cairo’s wholly dedicated to Egyptian art and archaeology. Drawing from a Scratchpad Among multiplied and various artifacts exposed there, I would like to pay your attention to one small and a very fragile
- [Legends of the Road of a Thousand Kasbahs](https://archaeotravel.eu/legends-of-the-road-of-a-thousand-kasbahs/) - “It is difficult to give an idea of the impression made on the voyager […] by the sight of a ravishing oasis, forming a dazzling band of green, above which rise the crenellated towers, massive bastions, richly crowned with ornamental architecture and fortress walls. If one has a chance to penetrate such a charming place
- [The Megalithic Structure of Trilithon in the Worldwide Architecture](https://archaeotravel.eu/the-megalithic-structure-of-trilithon-in-the-worldwide-architecture/) - The definition of trilithon or trilith is derived from the Greek words, which stand for "'having three stones' (τρι-/tri- 'three' + λίθος/lithos 'stone')" ("Trilithon" 2021). The word trilithon was primarily applied by an English antiquarian, physician and Anglican clergyman, William Stukeley (1687-1765), who had "a significant influence on the later development of archaeology. [He] pioneered the scholarly investigation of the prehistoric monuments of Stonehenge and Avebury in Wiltshire [and] published over twenty
- [Aksumite Megaliths of Commemoration in the Continuous Tradition of Ethiopia](https://archaeotravel.eu/aksumite-megaliths-of-commemoration-in-the-continuous-tradition-of-ethiopia/) - My destination was one of the busiest and significant cities in Eastern Africa, which is today known as Aksum or Axum (Casely-Hayford 2010). Once, it was a huge and thriving city and it was ranked among Rome, Persia and China, as one of the four greatest powers (Ibid.). It had a considerable claim to fame
- [In the Underground Cave Church of Aya Tekla in Silifke](https://archaeotravel.eu/in-the-underground-cave-church-of-aya-tekla-in-silifke/) - This field-trip to Turkey turned out to be extremely difficult. Last January, parts of the country, including Istanbul, were covered with thick layers of snow and ice. This prevented me from organizing the first two flights with a change in Istanbul, although for Turkey itself this amount of water turned out to be a blessing
- [Mudejar in Spain, "the Style Allowed to Remain"](https://archaeotravel.eu/mudejar-in-spain-the-style-allowed-to-remain/) - Decorative style in Spanish architecture and art that evolved from a fusion of Islamic and Christian (Romanesque and Gothic) elements. It was created either by Muslims working for Christians, or of Christians imitating Islamic forms (Lucie-Smith 2003:143). The term Mudejars (mudéjares) also "refers to the group of [Moors] who remained in Iberia in the late
- [The Idea Behind the Jomon Pottery and its Representations](https://archaeotravel.eu/the-idea-behind-the-jomon-pottery-and-its-representations/) - The matter of pottery and its invention was one of numerous subjects dedicated to Southeast and East Asian Archaeology, which I studied during one of my chosen modules at the university. Although for many scholars the subject of pottery does not seem to tell a compelling story, it turned out to give me a highly
- [Creeping into the Lugar de los Muertos with an Archaeologist](https://archaeotravel.eu/lugar-de-los-muertos-the-underworld/) - After a week of travelling around Mexico, from Yucatan and Chiapas State, and through Tabasco to Oaxaca, I experienced a special magic and a variety of cultures of the country, felt by Mexicans and foreigners alike. Around 4000 recorded archaeological sites ... The state of Oaxaca is a mountainous area broken by wide fertile valleys
- [Longing for a Better Life: Double-Levelled Notion of An Idyllic Image of the Late Middle Ages](https://archaeotravel.eu/longing-for-a-better-life-double-levelled-notion-of-an-idyllic-image-of-the-late-middle-ages/) - “Illusion is a refuge for everyone, not just for royal dukes. It softens life’s cruelties and smooths the sharp edges. The calendar cycles offer a sustaining image of pattern, order, and attainable achievement, to counter the confusions and disappointments in real life in the real world. For this reason, its little pictures continued to be
- [Island of the Sun in Favour of the Gods](https://archaeotravel.eu/island-of-the-sun/) - It was only before nine in the morning but the heat of July had been already rising. I felt drops of sweat running down my back and I quickly moved to the shadow, as the queue was moving towards the catamaran rocking on the sea waves. It was going to take me from Fethiye to
- [Cypriot Heart in the Hands of the Goddess](https://archaeotravel.eu/cypriot-heart/) - According to Greek myths, Aphrodite, the goddess of love and the ideal of female beauty, was born of sea foam and emerged near the coast of Cyprus. Tradition links this event to the headland of Petra tou Romiou, situated south of Paphos and known as Aphrodite's Rock. The island is also home of a much older Idol of Pomos, a stone prehistoric sculpture, which dates back to around 3000 BC; its meaning and ambiguous gender continue to be a mystery to archaeologists. Today, Cyprus is a politically and ethnically divided island. Yet, it keeps being re-united by the vital force and joy of life of its inhabitants. A mixture of myths, monuments of nature and the past, and a variety of customs always make Cyprus a life-time adventure.
- [In the Realm of Demon Ravana](https://archaeotravel.eu/in-the-realm-of-demon-ravana/) - I invite you to the heart of the island of Sri Lanka and its hidden treasure at the top of Sigiriya, where air crafts were anchored and demons and gods would have clashed in a final battle. Although it sounds like a fairy tale, some constructions at Sigiriya look as if they had been from an alternative world; mysterious frescoes made of an unknown technique, the mirror wall that nobody knows how it was made, polished and positioned and all those remains of solid stone blocks scattered around the rock, including the granite pool at the very top ... A pyramid in the hands is an official logo of Central Cultural Fund of Sri Lanka, even though there are no pyramids discovered on the island. What does the symbol mean and what does it have in common with a triangle composed by the three heritage sites in the center of the island? How is Sigiriya related to the symbol of a pyramid? All that is quite intriguing!
- [Seven-Tiered Mystery of Prang in the Khmer Empire](https://archaeotravel.eu/seven-tiered-mystery-of-prang-in-the-khmer-empire/) - What is really surprising, the seven-tiered, standalone pyramid of Prasat Thom hardly resembles any other structures built in the Empire of ancient Khmers (Lawrence 2020; Sopheak 2020). Although pyramids were very distinctive of the Khmer sacral architecture, yet Prasat Prang differs from its typical model in several aspects (Lawrence 2020; Sopheak 2020). Firstly, it is
- [White Idols from the Cycladic Islands of the Aegean](https://archaeotravel.eu/white-idols-from-the-cycladic-islands-of-the-aegean/) - It was supposed to be a high-speed ferry ride from Crete (Heraklion Port) to Santorini (Thera), which usually takes around two hours. In our case, the estimated time was disrupted by a sudden storm that broke out at sea. Raging waves ruthlessly played with our boat throughout the whole sea crossing. People were swinging on
- [Looking in the Eye of Horus](https://archaeotravel.eu/looking-in-the-eye-of-horus/) - According to the previous article, Sunk Island in the Sahara Desert, the geographic description of Atlantis corresponds to that of Richat, in Mauritania (Kosmiczne […] 2019). However, there is still missing solid archaeological evidence of the advanced civilization described by Plato in the Eye of the Sahara (Ibid.). Artifacts and remnants of structures created once
- [Sunk Island in the Sahara Desert](https://archaeotravel.eu/sunk-island-in-the-sahara-desert/) - Only few ancient tales have ever triggered the human imagination as much as the story of Atlantis (Kosmiczne […] 2019). The idea that over 11 000 years ago an advanced civilization created by gods could have existed on Earth has long fascinated millions of people around the world (Ibid.). Is the story of Atlantis a
- [Naiskos in the Funerary Architecture of Ancient Greeks](https://archaeotravel.eu/naiskos-in-the-funerary-architecture-of-ancient-greeks/) - A type of tombstone in ancient Greece, mostly in the fourth and fifth centuries BC. It imitated the shape of templum in antis. It, namely, it looked like a small temple in classical order with antas, columns or pillars and a decorative pediment, also decorated with figures in the facade. The pediment (frontispiece) was usually
- [Story of The Rock-Cut Tombs of Ancient Telmessus](https://archaeotravel.eu/story-of-the-rock-cut-tombs-of-ancient-telmessus/) - Lycian Turkey is just one of numerous parts of the world, where monumental tombs were carved out of the rock to satisfy religious needs of contemporaries, who by all means wished their dead kings, rulers and relatives to find the right way to the afterlife. As it seems, the more large and intricate a tomb
- [Rock-Cut Tomb of a Hero in the City of Tlos](https://archaeotravel.eu/rock-cut-tomb-of-a-hero-in-the-city-of-tlos/) - The following week, together with my two little cousins, I joined a daily jeep tour to the second longest gorge in Europe, known as Saklikent, situated approximately fifty kilometres south-east from Fethiye, in Lycian Turkey. After forty minutes of enjoying the bumping off-road, we eventually reached the ruins of an ancient city of Tlos, believed
- [On the Road from Lycia to Ancient Caunus in Caria.](https://archaeotravel.eu/on-the-road-from-lycia-to-ancient-caunus-in-caria/) - Saklikent Gorge in Lycian Turkey turned out to be just the beginning of water attractions on our holidays (see:). Many more were waiting for us just at the threshold to another ancient region of Anatolia, which is known as Caria. Mud baths, Turtle Beach and ancient ruins One day we travelled from Fethiye for a
- [Doric Order in Ancient Greek and Roman Architecture](https://archaeotravel.eu/doric-order-in-ancient-greek-and-later-roman-architecture/) - The Doric order "was one of the three orders of ancient Greek and later Roman architecture; the other two canonical orders were the Ionic and the Corinthian" ("Doric order" 2021). It is characterized by heavy proportions, austerity and monumentality. Doric columns do not have a base and are directly supported on a stylobate. They either have a fluted shaft: from 18 to 20 sharply cut grooves
- [Echinus in the Classical Greek Orders](https://archaeotravel.eu/echinus-in-the-classical-greek-orders/) - Latin: 'bowl'. The prominent rounded moulding below the abacus of a Greek Doric or Tuscan capital. The echinus is one of grooves of the the 'necking', which is the upper continuation of the shaft of the column; as such the echinus lies atop the necking and usually has a shape similar to a flat pillow or a
- [Inhabitants of the Subterranean Passageways of Malta](https://archaeotravel.eu/inhabitants-of-the-subterranean-passageways-of-malta/) - Just after the Hypogeum in Malta was discovered by accident in 1902, it was kept secret so as not to disturb the building schedule on the site and therefore continued work caused irretrievable damage to a large megalithic circle that once stood directly above the subterranean part, giving access to its abyss (Magli 2009:56; Haughton
- [Travelling from 'Hel' to the City of Saint Mary](https://archaeotravel.eu/travelling-from-hel-to-the-city-of-saint-mary/) - We were sitting on the train going across Pomeranian Voivodeship southwards, in the direction of Malbork. It was really hot. Nothing surprising as it was the beginning of August but in Poland the weather is changeable, and you cannot predict it even in summer. One week ago, when I and my sister met with our
- [Different Roads of the Ancient World Guided by Different Writers](https://archaeotravel.eu/different-roads-of-the-ancient-world-guided-by-different-writers/) - Like Antipater of Sidon, Philo of Byzantium lists other Wonders of the Ancient World than those given in today's lexicons (Zamarovsky 1990:8; see: Travel Guidebooks of the Ancients in the Hands of Modern Visitors). He clearly does not consider the Lighthouse from Pharos as a wonder of the world and, like Antipater, grants this dignity
- [Cyclopean Masonry of the Ancient World](https://archaeotravel.eu/cyclopean-masonry-of-the-ancient-world/) - A type of masonry, also known as megalithic architecture, characteristic of unusually huge constructions created of gigantic more-or-less rough-edged boulders adjusted to each other frequently without using mortar, and the resulting minimal clearances between them are sometimes filled with clay and small stones (Lucie-Smith, 2003:68,205; Bruschi, 2020; "Cyclopean masonry" 2022; "Mur cyklopowy" 2018). The cyclopean
- [Identity of the Man Found in the Sarcophagus of Palenque](https://archaeotravel.eu/identity-of-the-man-found-in-the-sarcophagus-of-palenque/) - Presumably, in order to preserve the precious archaeological find in its original state, Dr. Alberto Ruz Lhuillier had not unsealed the unearthed sarcophagus for six months since it was discovered (My Gen 2021). And it took archaeologists an additional week of work before they eventually lifted the five-ton beautifully carved lid of the sarcophagus, on
- [Maltese History in the Negative](https://archaeotravel.eu/history-in-the-negative/) - The title: History in the Negative [1] [1] The title of the article refers to the idea of Giulio Magli (2009:56-57; Chapter 3.3 “A Temple in the Negative) that the Hypogeum mirrors a Maltese temple in the negative, as it is underground. When you would like to tell a story, you usually start from the
- [Prasat and its Meaning in Khmer and Thai Architecture](https://archaeotravel.eu/prasat-and-its-meaning-in-khmer-and-thai-architecture/) - The term has derived from the Sanskrit prāsāda or more accurately, kudakhan or rueanyotand. It usually stands for a Khmer and Thai word meaning a 'castle', 'palace' or a 'temple'. Accordingly, in Khmer architecture, prasat means a tapered tower (or towers) rising at the centre of a temple or a temple complex (e.g, Prasat Thom), which is often compared to
- [The Hindu Symbol of Lingam of the God Shiva](https://archaeotravel.eu/the-hindu-symbol-of-lingam-of-the-god-shiva/) - In Hinduism, the term stands for the phallic symbol of the Hindu deity Shiva. It is also an abstract or aniconic representation of the god in Shaivism. The stone representations of lingas were worshiped as a symbol of the god's creative power, often depicted in conjunction with yoni, the symbol of his wife, Parvati (Devi). Featured image: An eleventh-century linga-yoni plaque
- [On the Way to the Heart of Koh Ker](https://archaeotravel.eu/seven-tiered-mystery-of-prang/) - Increased trade contacts between Rome, India, China and Southeast Asia in the last centuries BC. resulted in international cultural exchange, including the idea of kingship (Fagan 1996-2004). Mon-Khmers groups started to absorb the idea of Buddhism or worship Hindu gods (bid.). That provoked building stone temples (Fagan 1996-2004; Mazzeo, Antonini 1978:19-20). First Hindu shrines normally
- [Topsy-Turvy Epilogue of the Polish Christmas](https://archaeotravel.eu/topsy-turvy-epilogue-of-the-polish-christmas/) - Shrovetide period, later also called a carnival, was a colourful and sometimes overly cheerful epilogue of Christmas (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:214). As such, it was the period of the most active social life in Old Poland (Ibid.:214). Shrovetide During Shrovetide hunts for big and small animals took place (Ibid.:214). Weddings often combined with feasts and balls
- [Twelve (Uncovered) Consecration Crosses, Each for One Apostle](https://archaeotravel.eu/twelve-uncovered-consecration-crosses-each-for-one-apostle/) - In the Catholic Church, referred to as crosses or apostolic candlesticks. Usually they are in the form of a block, tiles with a symbolic cross, are painted or carved into the wall. A single-arm candlestick or lamp is placed under them. Their number, twelve in total, symbolically refers to the Twelve Apostles. They are located
- [The Dancing Parade in the Clouds](https://archaeotravel.eu/the-dancing-parade-in-the-clouds/) - The morning light was slowly changing and with it also the aura of the ancient site. The sun was reaching higher, hammering its piercing rays into every corner of the city and the sunlight spilled onto the Main Plaza. I was slowly walking between crumbling rocks, yet escaping from their still cool shade. I admitted
- [Spire (Helm) - A Slender Tower Crowning the Roof](https://archaeotravel.eu/spire-helm-a-slender-tower-crowning-the-roof/) - The top of a tower or the end of a dome or helmet but mainly at the summit of church steeples. A spire is usually in the shape of a very tall, slender and pointed pyramid or cone. It may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan. It is also the slender helmet itself on top
- [Sabil (or Sebil), a Drinking Fountain in Islamic Cities](https://archaeotravel.eu/sabil-or-sebil-a-drinking-fountain-in-islamic-cities/) - In Muslim architectural tradition, a public well or water supply (tap), sometimes with a fountain. When it is to provide water for drinking, the sabil is rarely a free-standing construction, usually a part of a larger building, and sometimes the part with a fountain forms an alcove in the wall. "[Water from the sabil] has
- [Unique Pyramid of Polonnaruwa with Little Trace in History](https://archaeotravel.eu/unique-pyramid-of-polonnaruwa-with-little-trace-in-history/) - In my head I could still hear the noise of the airport, a commotion and rush at the customs control and at baggage claim, when I suddenly fell into the arms of tropical scenery, with its heavenly peace and tranquility given by the sound of the river and the whisper of huge leaves swaying in
- [Rabad - a Wide Trade Craft Suburbs of the Arabic Countries](https://archaeotravel.eu/rabad-a-wide-trade-craft-suburbs-of-the-arabic-countries/) - A suburb of eastern cities with private buildings, craft workshops and others. In Muslim Spain, a district of the city where no military crew was stationed. Rabad first developed in the cities of Central Asia, in the twelfth century AD., however, the term mostly refers to a suburb of the city in the Arab countries
- [Last Queen in the Valley of the Kings](https://archaeotravel.eu/last-queen-in-the-valley-of-the-kings-2/) - Hatshepsut’s Mortuary Temple had been finished; it rose unsurpassed in its beauty and solitude on white terraces, surrounded by columns, against the background of a dark massif of mountains (Żylińska 1972-1986:65). Temple tells a story Having come back from the land of Punt, the Queen began to decorate the walls of her temple (Żylińska 1972-1986:65).
- [Stoa in Ancient Greek Architecture](https://archaeotravel.eu/stoa-in-ancient-greek-architecture/) - The term has derived from Greek. Plural: stoas, stoai, or stoae. It is hall structure, commonly designed for public use. "Early stoas were open at the entrance with columns, usually of the Doric order, lining the side of the building" ("Stoa" 2021). Simultaneously, they had a wall at the back, often with doors leading to added warehouses.
- [Long and Horizontal Panel of Frieze in Art and Architecture](https://archaeotravel.eu/long-and-horizontal-panel-of-frieze-in-art-and-architecture/) - French: fise; Spanish: frizo; from frizar 'furrow'. A long, sequential, horizontal and usually narrow panel or band used for decorative purposes, delimiting or dividing flat planes of colour. It consists of repeating or various geometric motifs or figural scenes, stretching along the horizontal band. The frieze has widely been used in architecture, usually as a
- [Teutonic Order in the Castle of Malbork and its Ghosts](https://archaeotravel.eu/teutonic-order-in-the-castle-of-malbork-and-its-ghosts/) - The brick walls of the castle in Malbork always make a great impression on its visitors as they walk among the countless castle red towers, bastions and courtyards, delving deeper into its long corridors and their secrets. We felt just the same gloomy atmosphere when, following the guide, we listened to the history of the
- [The Holy Land Translated into a Mosaic of the Church](https://archaeotravel.eu/the-holy-land-translated-into-a-mosaic/) - It was the end of January when my group was travelling north from Petra through the King’s Highway, in Jordan. It was the very moment when the Egyptian revolution of 2011 had started and we learnt about it a few days earlier, while crossing the Israelite-Jordan border (see Mount Sinai Trekking). But we did not
- [Sacred Enclosure of Abaton in the Ancient World](https://archaeotravel.eu/sacred-enclosure-of-abaton-in-the-ancient-world/) - In ancient times, the name given to holy places, sacred district or underground, usually Greek temple buildings, or a sacred grove, accessible only to priests and so restricted to common people. Sometimes, it was accessible to the faithful who have submitted to ritual cleansing. In Greek, the definition described 'untrodden place', as only priests were
- [Vaulting of the Interior of the Building](https://archaeotravel.eu/vaulting-of-the-interior-of-the-building/) - A technique of vaulting includes building a structure made either of wood, natural or artificial stone, brick or concrete, glass or metal, with a curvilinear cross-section, used to cover a specific space of a building. The vaulting technique was already widely used in ancient Rome but greatly developed in medieval architecture of Gothic cathedrals in
- [Inside the Pyramid of the Temple of the Inscriptions](https://archaeotravel.eu/inside-the-pyramid-of-the-temple-of-the-inscriptions/) - Well-documented beliefs of ancient inhabitants of Mesoamerica say that the Earth is a mass of land surrounded by waters (Hohmann-Vogrin 2013:200). But the Mayan world was not simply limited to that land but also included a deep dark underworld beneath it and the blue vault of heavens above it (Ibid.:200). For this reason, the earthly
- [Language of the Megalithic Tiya and its Translation](https://archaeotravel.eu/language-of-the-megalithic-tiya-and-its-translation/) - The site of Tiya is among the most important and representative of all (Rey 2015; UNESCO 1992-2020). It contains thirty-six monuments (UNESCO 1992-2020), including “[roughly] aligned over an axis of [forty-five metres] a group of thirty-three stelae, with another [cluster] of three stelae a short distance from [the larger group]” (Rey 2015). Among them all,
- [Denied Pyramid on Top of the Rock of Sigiriya](https://archaeotravel.eu/denied-pyramid-on-top-of-the-rock-of-sigiriya/) - It is generally unknown that the symbol of a pyramid is inscribed into an ancient face of Sri Lanka. Firstly, it appears as a graphical logo of the Sri Lankan governmental organization CCF (Central Cultural Fund of Sri Lanka), depicted inside two protecting it hands (see: Kovalov 3rd June, 2013). As such it stands for
- [Nymphaeum and its Forms in Ancient Greek Landscape](https://archaeotravel.eu/nymphaeum-and-its-forms-in-ancient-greek-landscape/) - Greek: nymphaion; Latin: nimphaeum. In ancient Greece, the term Nympaheum (plural: Nymphaea or Nymphaeums) initially described natural cavities, grottoes or groves with natural springs where nymphs and water deities were believed to have resided and as such they were worshiped. "Subsequently, artificial grottoes took the place of natural ones"; these were special well structures or
- [Limestone Flakes of the 'Ostraca'](https://archaeotravel.eu/limestone-flakes-of-the-ostraca/) - Greek: ostraca (plural) - oyster shells, ostracon (singular). Ostracon is usually understood as a potsherd ("a piece of pottery, usually broken off from a vase or other earthenware vessel" ("Ostracon" 2021) or a flat stone piece (normally a flake of limestone), which was mainly used by artists from ancient Egypt and Greece for their freehand sketches and written notes. "Generally
- [Travel Guidebooks of the Ancients in the Hands of Modern Visitors](https://archaeotravel.eu/tourist-guidebooks-of-the-ancients-in-the-hands-of-modern-visitors/) - The 'Seven Wonders of the Ancient World' is the collective concept and canon of knowledge, widely known to the ancient European (Klein 1998:136). The entry into the canon was determined not only by the majesty and uniqueness of a given building, but also by its historical significance and, above all, the myth related to these
- [Stepped Pyramids in Architecture of Ancient Civilizations](https://archaeotravel.eu/stepped-pyramids-in-architecture-of-ancient-civilizations/) - A pyramid with several distinct levels, narrowing upwards and so forming successive rectangular platforms, steps or ramps of diminishing size and with sloping, or battered, with its sides placed on top of one another. Stepped pyramids have their shape similar to a geometric pyramid. In architecture of ancient Egypt, such pyramids are officially perceived as
- [Votive offerings or Deposits in Ancient and Modern Societies](https://archaeotravel.eu/votive-offerings-or-deposits-in-ancient-and-modern-societies/) - From Latin: ex voto - 'by vow' A religious object for a specific intention or as an expression of gratitude, or as a means of giving thanks for the fulfillment of a wish. They can include "one or more objects displayed or deposited, without the intention of recovery or use" ("Votive offering" 2021). Such votive
- [Astronomical Sanctuary of the Cloud People Atop the Hill](https://archaeotravel.eu/astronomical-sanctuary-atop-the-hill/) - We were travelling in the state of Oaxaca in southern Mexico, moving along the mountain range of Sierra Madre. The mountains climb there from 500 to 3 250 metres above sea level, bringing low temperatures with frequent frost in their higher parts. For some, it does not even sound like Mexico … especially in February.
- [Dressed Stones of the Region of Soddo](https://archaeotravel.eu/language-of-megalithic-tiya/) - Standing stones appear, as it seems, everywhere in the world. While I was going to Ethiopia to study magnificent monuments of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, including isolated monasteries, I would have never thought I could see there a great number of upright stones scattered all around the country. Previously, I associated menhirs with the northern part of Europe, whereas I have found similar megalithic stones in Ethiopia. There, however, they are known under the name of stelae. Ethiopian megalithic traditions had developed throughout ages and their groups of standing stones differ from each other in their various features, even within a single group, in time in which they were carved and in their different locations. Generally, we can divide such monuments into two groups, likewise we can divide the country into two parts; there is therefore the northern stela tradition, with its possible roots in the Sudan areas (the region of Tigray), with extraordinary massive examples in Aksum, and the so-called megaliths from the Soddo region, south of the capital of Addis Ababa. Soddo itself can be translated as a "dressed stone" or a "standing stone" in local languages of Eastern Cushitic speaking people, who are also believed to have erected the stelae. One of the most famous sites in this region is undoubtedly Tiya, where the stones possibly played a role of standing stone tombs and they are still covered in unknown symbols in low relief. Whereas some of them are more realistic and can be easier explained, others are rather abstract and their interpretation is based on more or less guessing. The mystery of engravings has attracted some attention of foreign archaeologists but it was not enough to fully understand their meaning. Moreover, few symbols marking the stones from the south also appear in the former group, which can indicate that these two traditions overlapped at some point in history. To understand the subject of the megalithic traditions in Ethiopia, I invite you first to Tiya.
- [Jamb of a Window and a Door in Architecture](https://archaeotravel.eu/jamb-of-a-window-and-a-door-in-architecture/) - The term jamb stands for a recess between the wall face inside the room and the side of a fitted window (window jamb) or door (door jamb) or other wall opening. The jamb on a medieval church doorway (in a Gothic portal accompanied by lintel and trumeau) is normally occupied by a cascading row of carved figures. "These
- [Pax : "Peace to You ... And with Your Spirit"](https://archaeotravel.eu/pax-peace-to-you-and-with-your-spirit/) - From Latin: pacyficus; in the Late Latin Church: pacificale. A reliquary, most often in the shape of a cross or monstrance, used in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. It served for the Kiss of Peace in the Catholic Mass, until the thirteenth century before the Holy Communion. Originally, there was a habit of "direct kissing among the celebrants [of the
- [Lost Myth of the Gundestrup Cauldron - Wild Hunt, Sacrifice and Rebirth](https://archaeotravel.eu/lost-myth-of-the-gundestrup-cauldron-wild-hunt-sacrifice-and-rebirth/) - Gundestrup Cauldron is one of the most prominent works of art left by the Celtic culture. Its shape, function and the richness of mythological motifs make it a real vessel of mysteries that are constantly pouring out of it. One of the scenes shows a gigantic figure who is identified with a Gallic god, usually identified with Teutates, who is immersing warriors in a huge cauldron. Does this confirm that the Celts made human sacrifices, or does the scene highlight one of the functions of the cauldron that was about giving an eternal life? Right above the fallen trunk of the Tree of Life, which may mark the border between the earthly and heavenly worlds, a row of horse riders appears. Is this their last journey to the afterlife? The theme of the Cauldron itself did not disappear with the beginning of the Christianity, and its symbolism has survived in the image of one of the most mysterious relics of the Middle Ages, the Holy Grail. Some of the imaginative mysteries of the Cauldron can probably be found on the pre-Romanesque Christian High Crosses of Ireland, which seem to have preserved ancient beliefs along the prevailing Christian symbolism.
- [Technique of Corbelling in Architecture](https://archaeotravel.eu/the-technique-of-corbelling-in-architecture/) - "The corbel arch and corbel vault use the technique [of corbelling] to make openings in walls and to form ceilings". A corbelled (false) roof or vault and a corbelled arch are prototypes of their structural counterparts in the history of architecture. The corbelled vault usually occurs in a form of an elevated roof constructed using horizontal and
- [Land of Fairy Chimneys in the Heartland of Anatolia](https://archaeotravel.eu/land-of-fairy-chimneys/) - While working as a teacher I always used my summer holidays for study trips, and when my work colleagues went on holidays by the seaside or up to the mountains to relax with their families after the whole school year, I usually went digging, measuring churches or cataloging its inventory. Always non-profit. Anyway, it was
- [Noah's Beasts Released on the Hills of Göbekli Tepe](https://archaeotravel.eu/noahs-beasts-released-on-the-hills-of-gobekli-tepe/) - Perhaps the key to understanding the site of Göbekli Tepe lies in its impressive carvings situated on the cluster of pillars (Conrad 2012). As described in my previous article (see: The Oldest Temple in the World and its Mystery), they are ‘T’-shaped and decorated with strange zoomorphic imagery. The latter represent elaborate and naturalistic animal
- [Columns 'in Antis' in Ancient Temples and Tombs](https://archaeotravel.eu/templum-in-antis-in-ancient-temples-and-tombs/) - In ancient architecture, an anta or antae (antas) is an architectural term that describes the end of the protruding side walls of the naos (the inner chamber or sanctuary of a temple), forming a pronaos (a porch). By these means, the antas, as a part of the front walls, create posts or pillars on either
- [Factory - a 'Craft Workshop' in the Process of Building](https://archaeotravel.eu/factory-craft-workshop-and-the-process-of-building/) - From Latin: fabrica 'craft workshop'. In medieval and modern documents, and sometimes in professional literature, the term specifying the process of construction, reconstruction or renovation, together with all the equipment needed for it, such as material stocks, staff of employees (architects, craftsmen, helpers, administration), along with the organizational and financial side of the whole project.
- [Guttae in the Architecture of Classical Greece](https://archaeotravel.eu/guttae-in-the-architecture-of-classical-greece/) - Latin: gutta (singular); guttae (plural) - 'drops'. Found uniquely the Doric order entablature in Greek classical architecture (900 BC. - 1st century AD.), guttae are the conical projecting ornaments. They are situated under each triglyph of a frieze, which a set of guttae always goes with. In turn, a row of six guttae, located at the
- [Frontispiece and its Forms in Architecture](https://archaeotravel.eu/frontispiece-and-its-forms-in-architecture/) - From Italian: frontone. The term frontispiece or fronton describes a commonly triangular gable surmounting the facade of an ancient temple in classical architecture (Greece, Rome, Renaissance, Classicism), or in one that uses classical forms. As such it can also be referred to as a pediment. Yet a frontispiece can also take the shape of the
- [Pediment as an Ornament in Architecture](https://archaeotravel.eu/pediment-as-an-ornament-in-architecture/) - An architectural ornamental element, specifically found in Classical, Neoclassical and Baroque architecture, where it is called frontispiece and is richly filled with sculpture. In the construction of roofs, it takes the shape of the half-hipped roof (see: Roof – the Top Covering of a Building). The pediments usually consists of triangular gable (a portion of
- [Red-Bricked Castle of Marienburg on the River Nougat](https://archaeotravel.eu/from-hel-to-the-city-of-saint-mary/) - Before I came to Malbork with my sister and friends from Austria, I had already seen the castle several times from the windows of a train passing by the city of Malbork, either towards the Baltic Sea, or when I was returning from the coast to my hometown hidden in the mountains, in the south
- [A Storm of Controversy on the Dating the Eruption of Thera](https://archaeotravel.eu/a-storm-of-controversy-on-the-dating-the-eruption-of-thera/) - Ever since I became interested in the subject of Minoan culture, there has always been a problem of dating the volcanic eruption of Thera (see: The World Ended When Gods Turned against the Minoans) and related to it speculations about the reasons why the Minoan culture on Crete collapsed at all (see: Disaster of the
- [On the Southern Side of the Strait of Gibraltar](https://archaeotravel.eu/on-the-southern-side-of-the-strait-of-gibraltar/) - Yesterday we crossed the Strait of Gibraltar from Algeciras in Andalucía (South of Spain) to the port of Tanger-Med, in Alcazarseguir (Morocco), fifty kilometres away from Tangier. The crossing took us one hour and a half by ferry. As soon as I put my foot on Moroccan land, I felt the difference between European and
- [Eaves - Functional and Decorative Detail in Architecture](https://archaeotravel.eu/eaves-functional-and-decorative-detail-in-architecture/) - The lower edges of the roof slope extending beyond the side of a building and overhang the face of the wall to protect it from rainwater running off. "The eaves form an overhang to throw water clear of the walls and may be highly decorated as part of an architectural style, such as the Chinese dougong bracket
- [From Slavic Rites to Old Polish and Modern Polish Christmas](https://archaeotravel.eu/from-slavic-rites-to-old-polish-and-modern-polish-christmas/) - Christmas is, apart from Easter (see: Traces of Slavic Pagan Rites in the Polish Easter Tradition), the most celebrating feast in Poland (Lemnis, Vitry 1979:178). This Christian holiday, which is intimate, family, and usually spent with the dearest people, however, goes back to the traditions of pagan-Slavic times (Ibid.:178). Particularly important is the Christmas Eve
- [The Practice of Barding Horses in the History of Armouring](https://archaeotravel.eu/the-practice-of-barding-horses-in-the-history-of-armouring/) - In history, horses were also provided with protection against enemies' weapons. "By the [mid-fifteenth century], armorers had devised a near-complete set of armour to protect the steed in battle. Together these formed a bard". Although it was mostly developed in the European Middle Ages, such a body armour for war horses had been already well known in
- [The Divine Father's Daughter to be Forgotten](https://archaeotravel.eu/last-queen-in-the-valley-of-the-kings/) - It was once believed that only thanks to the Divine Consort - the Queen, the royal power could rest in the hands of the king - her husband (Żylińska 1972-1986:56; see: Noble 2003:79-84). It was also a remnant of matriarchal times that Pharaohs shaved their beard to resemble their feminine consorts; when the king-warrior replaced
- [Traces of Slavic Pagan Rites in the Polish Easter Tradition](https://archaeotravel.eu/traces-of-slavic-pagan-rites-in-the-polish-easter-traditions/) - Easter comes with spring and it is the most significant Christian holiday, also beautifully celebrated in Poland. The very beginning of spring had already been celebrated in Polish territory in the times of paganism and was associated among the former Slavs with the so-called Jare Gody, a several-day Slavic ritual spring festival that was a
- [A Survey of the Long Story of High Irish Crosses](https://archaeotravel.eu/a-survey-of-the-long-story-of-irish-crosses/) - One of the books I have come across while studying early Christian sculpture of Ireland, is the work written by Hilary Richardson. With the prominent High Crosses in the title, and with a depiction of a naive outlines of carved panels of the Cross of Moone on the front cover, this physically thin book, but
- [Squared Humanity inscribed in the Universe of God](https://archaeotravel.eu/les-tres-riches-heures-du-duc-de-berry-squared-humanity-inscribed-in-the-cycle-of-god/) - Among art works preserved in the Condé Museum in Chantilly, in France, there is a lavishly illuminated and decorated manuscript created at the beginning of the fifteenth century. Commonly known from French as Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry [The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry], the bookcontains undoubtedly one of
- [Dwarfs Dwell in the Maw of 'Cenotes'](https://archaeotravel.eu/dwarfs-dwell-in-the-maw-of-cenotes/) - We were on the way to Cenote Ik Kil, located in the northern centre of the Yucatán Peninsula and about five minutes (3,2 km) south from Chichén Itzá (“Ik Kil” 2020). Today, it is part of the Ik Kil Archaeological Park and is publicly accessed for swimming and cliff diving (“Ik Kil” 2020; David 2020).
- [Zoomorphic Representations in Art and Architecture](https://archaeotravel.eu/zoomorphic-representations-in-art-and-architecture/) - "The word zoomorphism derives from the Greek [...] (zōon), meaning 'animal', and [...] (morphē), meaning 'shape' or 'form'. [Zoomorphism] could describe art that imagines humans as non-human animals" In visual arts, it is generally a depiction of deities, natural phenomena, abstract concepts and other objects in the form of real or fantastic animals, or yet animal hybrids. Featured image: Bird-shaped oil
- [Imagery of the Valley of the Moon in Jordan](https://archaeotravel.eu/imagery-of-the-desert/) - In the late afternoon, we found ourselves on the threshold of Wadi Rum. Known also as the Valley of the Moon (“Wadi Rum” 2020), this magic land is located in the southern part of Jordan, close to the border with Saudi Arabia, and about forty kilometres east of Aqaba (Chabińska-Ilchanka et al. 2015:265). Lawrence from
- [Yamato-e in the National School of Japanese Paintings](https://archaeotravel.eu/yamato-e-in-the-national-school-of-japanese-paintings/) - The national school of painting in Japan that was founded in Yamato (the former name of Japan and the district with the capital of Nara). It is characterized by using purely Japanese themes drawn from national poetry and novels, with or without accompanying text, completely devoid of the influence of Chinese culture. The paintings "show
- [Mystery of the Casas de Piedra in Palenque](https://archaeotravel.eu/mystery-of-the-casas-de-piedra-in-palenque/) - Campeche is a city in the Mexican Gulf, founded in 1540 by Spanish conquistadors as San Francisco de Campeche. Additionally, it was located on the site of the former Mayan city called Canpech or Kimpech (“Campeche” 2021). This old town used to have thousands of different buildings, of which, as a result of its turbulent
- [Xylography in Asian Wood Engravings and Medieval Block Books](https://archaeotravel.eu/xylography-in-asian-wood-engravings-and-medieval-block-books/) - The definition of xylography means the oldest known form of woodcut and engraving in wood, invented in China in the first century AD. Although it originated in China, "the practice of woodcut has spread across the world from Europe to other parts of Asia, and to Latin America. [In woodcut technique], the block is cut
- [The Oldest Temple in the World and its Mystery](https://archaeotravel.eu/the-oldest-temple-in-the-world-and-its-menagerie-2/) - An ancient temple dated back to 10 000 BC. has been discovered in the Middle East (Conrad 2012). It was built when mankind was still in the Stone Age and before people discovered the so-called first signs of Neolithic human society: the pottery, writing, and the wheel (Ibid.). Consequently, its construction goes back long before the
- [Wimperg - a Gable (Canopy) in the Gothic Architecture](https://archaeotravel.eu/wimperg-a-gable-canopy-in-the-gothic-architecture/) - From German: Wimperg. In the Gothic architecture, a decorative high triangular gable, placed over a portal or window. The field of the Gothic gable was decorated with a blind or openwork tracery, the edges were provided with crockets, crowned with finials, pinnacles, and, more rarely, with figurative sculpture. Gothic gables appeared mostly in the medieval
- [Back in Time between Peatlands and Cliffs](https://archaeotravel.eu/back-in-time-between-peatlands-and-cliffs/) - Over fifty years ago, “a team of archaeologists from UCD, [in Ireland], led by Professor Seamus Caulfield, first started to come to the remote north Mayo village of Belderrig, to uncover and study the ancient stone-walled field systems there. [The] link between UCD and Belderrig continues, with teams of student archaeologists [keep returning] to the
- [Sgraffito Technique and its Application in Art](https://archaeotravel.eu/sgraffito-technique-and-its-application-in-art/) - In ceramics or ceramic tiles, sgraffito is a type of decoration received "by applying to an unfired ceramic body two successive layers of contrasting slip or glaze, and then in either case scratching so as to reveal parts of the underlying layer" ("Sgraffito" 2021). First, a drawing is cut out or scratched, usually in white engobe (slip)
- [Miracle of the Sun](https://archaeotravel.eu/the-miracle-of-the-sun/) - The waters of the River Nile are “a symbol of rebirth and eternal life to the ancient Egyptians. [It] has for untold centuries been the lifeblood of their country. The river and its banks appear from the air to be one long green ribbon of fertility snaking through the arid desert" (Harpur, Westwood 1997:42,49). Short
- [The Spell of Ushabtis: ‘Verily, I Am Here’.](https://archaeotravel.eu/the-spell-of-ushabtis-verily-i-am-here/) - Servants, musicians and court craftsmen were once placed in the mounds around royal tombs and mastabas in Egypt (Żylińska 1972-1986:56). Dying with kings and queens was a privilege and a passage to eternity (Ibid.:56). Later, human sacrifices were abandoned and the old rite was replaced with others: deceased royal members were accompanied to the Afterlife
- [Ushabtis' Function in Ancient Egypt](https://archaeotravel.eu/ushabtis-function-in-ancient-egypt/) - Small figurines of clay, stone, wood, bronze or earthenware in the shape of mummies, often holding agricultural implements. They were placed in the graves in ancient Egypt, with the beginning of the Middle Kingdom (circa 2055-1795 BC.). They were to replace the deceased, who were called to work in the Afterlife. The ushabti were animated
- [Tablinum - Main Living Room in a Former Italian House](https://archaeotravel.eu/tablinum-main-living-room-in-a-former-italian-house/) - From the late Latin tab(u)linum - a kind of gallery, terrace in the Roman house. "[Tablinum] was a room, generally situated on one side of the atrium and opposite to the entrance; it opened in the rear onto the peristyle, with either a large window or only an anteroom or curtain" ("Tablinum" 2021). In the later Roman house,
- [Roof - the Top Covering of a Building](https://archaeotravel.eu/roof-the-top-covering-of-a-building/) - Part of the building that limits it from the top and protects it against atmospheric conditions. It directly protects the ceilings or vaults of the highest storey, or is a direct covering of the interior. Thanks to its artistic values, such as the spatial value and colour, it largely shapes the entire body of the
- ['The Way of Rama' Between India and Sri Lanka](https://archaeotravel.eu/ram-setu-ape-engineer-builds-a-bridge/) - In May 2012, a NASA satellite passed over shallow waters of the Indian Ocean (Woolford-Gibbon, Durkin 2017). It sent back images of a chain of largely submerged objects running between Sri Lanka and India (Ibid.). The NASA image analyst, Marc D’Antonio, describes it as “a string of pearls between two islands” (Ibid.). Similarly, the archaeologist,
- [Qilin - a Mythical Animal in Chinese or 'Kirin' in Japanese](https://archaeotravel.eu/qilin-a-mythical-animal-in-chinese-or-kirin-in-japanese/) - It "is a specific type of the lin mythological family of one-horned beasts", resembling a unicorn. It looks like a "hooved chimerical creature [mostly represented] in Chinese and other East Asian cultures". It "is said to appear with the imminent arrival or passing of a sage or illustrious ruler". The qilin has thus symbolized good and wise governance of a country. The
- [Mystery of the Lady From Elche](https://archaeotravel.eu/mystery-of-the-lady/) - I left behind one of the most famous museums in Europe, the Prado, together with my colleague intensely studying in front of the Garden of Earthly Delights by Bosch, and I headed off to the National Archaeological Museum in Madrid. I caught the bus and after twenty minutes I entered the air-conditioned edifice full of
- [Following the Spiral of the Phaistos Disc's Mystery](https://archaeotravel.eu/following-the-phaistos-spiral-of-mystery/) - Here in the capital of Crete, the Phaistos Disc is preserved in the Archaeological Museum of Heraklion. Today, it is one of the icons of Minoan civilization and so one of the main attractions of the Museum attracting visitors from all the corners of the modern world (Gregor 2016). Just like Zbigniew Herbert[1] once, during
- [Obelisks in the Landscape, from Ancient Egypt to Modern Times](https://archaeotravel.eu/obelisks-in-architecture-from-ancient-egypt-to-modern-times/) - From Greek obeliskos: spit, nail, pointed pillar; from Latin obeliscus. Tall and usually four-sided, narrow stone pillar tapering upwards, truncated at the top, with a pyramid-like shape or pyramidion in the form of an elongated pyramid. Monumental and monolithic obelisks were made of a single stone. They are characteristic of ancient Egyptian architecture, where they "[originally]
- [Lady of the Labyrinth and her Powers](https://archaeotravel.eu/lady-of-the-labyrinth/) - The cicadas are extremely noisy during the summer months in Crete, and particularly in Knossos. Hughes B. "The Snake Goddess". In: Archer M, Kirby T. (2004) The Minoans. The Ancient Worlds: Episode 3 (fragment). Source: Higging (2018). In: Youtube. The Minoan world was undoubtedly governed by such potent and vindictive powers as personified by the Snake Goddess
- [Image of the Goddess: between Matriarchy and Patriarchy](https://archaeotravel.eu/image-of-the-goddess-between-matriarchy-and-patriarchy/) - On the threshold of the Neolithic, the hunter slowly turns into a farmer and breeder (Jabłońska 2010; Burda, Halczak, Józefiak, Szymczak 2002:32). This is a special period in the development of the matriarchal system (Ibid.). The forces of nature continue to play a major role in human life, yet the new lifestyle changes its spiritual
- [Matzevah - a Traditional Form of a Jewish tombstone](https://archaeotravel.eu/matzevah-a-traditional-form-of-a-jewish-tombstone/) - Jewish tombstone in the form of a vertically positioned rectangular stone or wooden slab, and from the nineteenth century also made of cast iron, topped with a straight line, triangle, semicircle or two segments of a circle, decorated with a bas-relief in the upper part and covered with an inscription (epitaph) at the bottom. The
- [Studying Prehistoric Archaeoastronomy on the Islands of Malta and Ireland](https://archaeotravel.eu/archaeoastronomy-in-prehistoric-malta-and-ireland/) - Astronomic Devices in Prehistoric Malta The megalithic temples of Malta are one of the most recognized UNESCO’s World Heritage sites ranking amongst the earliest free-standing Neolithic constructions in the world. The so-called Maltese temples display unique developmental characteristics, and while comparing to other megalithic structures, they are of the distinctive nature and achievements of Maltese
- [The Labarum of Constantine the Great](https://archaeotravel.eu/labarum-of-the-constantine-the-great/) - From the time of the Roman Emperor, Constantine the Great (306-337), it was the imperial and military banner (a vexillum). The original standard was first used by Constantine during the Battle of the Milvian Bridge against Maxentius (312) but the same name also refers to similar standards produced in imitation of the original one in the Late
- [Kaá - a Hall inside Oriental Palaces and Houses](https://archaeotravel.eu/kaa-a-hall-inside-oriental-palaces-and-houses/) - A large, high hall, a kind of living room in wealthy oriental houses. It used to be one of the harem rooms. Featured image: Interiors of the Topkapi Seray in Istanbul, Turkey. Chambers and halls of the harem. Copyright©Archaeotravel. BIBLIOGRAPHY: PWN (2007). Słownik terminologiczny sztuk pięknych, p. 168. Kubalska-Sulkiewicz K., Bielska-Łach M., Manteuffel-Szarota A. eds.
- [Idols - Cult Figures Lookalike Human Beings in the Ancient World](https://archaeotravel.eu/idols-cult-figures-lookalike-human-beings-in-the-ancient-world/) - In ancient Greek literature, an idol means an eidolon plural: eidola or eidolons. Accordingly, it is an image, apparition, phantom, ghost. It stands either for a spirit-image of a living or dead person or a shade or phantom lookalike a human being. In art, idols are cult figurines with simplified or geometric shapes, mainly female representations made, among others,
- [Habanic Ceramics Made by Those 'Who Baptize again'.](https://archaeotravel.eu/habanic-ceramics-made-by-those-who-baptize-again/) - Tin-glazed faience vessels, often decorated with colorful painting decorations, occurring in the greatest number in Moravia, Slovakia, but also in Switzerland, Tirol and Transylvania, roughly from the mid-sixteenth century to the beginning of the eighteenth century. The vessels and utensils were made by wandering craftsmen of the Anabaptist sect who were harshly persecuted and usually
- ['Globus cruciger' in the Hands of Monarchs](https://archaeotravel.eu/globus-cruciger-in-the-hands-of-monarchs/) - From Latin 'cross-bearing orb' or 'the orb and cross" is an orb (globus) surmounted by a cross. Together with a sceptre, the globe-shaped insignia with the cross on top constitute royal regalia; "[the cross represents Christ's dominion over the orb of the world, literally held in the hand of an earthly ruler" ("Globus cruciger” 2021). As a matter of fact,
- [Bab - a Gateway to the Wealth of Cities](https://archaeotravel.eu/bab-a-gateway/) - In the Muslim architecture of the Middle East, Maghreb and Spain, the outer monumental gateway in the walls surrounding the cities, residential houses and some public buildings. It is made of stone and fortified, normally flanked by two towers with battlements. Yet its central entrance is intricately decorated with various types of rich and multicoloured ornaments
- [Chaitya (Ćajtja) - Sculpted Abyss of the Caves](https://archaeotravel.eu/chaitya-cajtja-sculpted-abyss-of-the-cave/) - A type of Indian temple, mainly Buddhist, in the form of an elongated rectangular hall, divided by rows of pillars (Bhaja) or columns (Ajanta) into the main nave with a semi-circular apse, where the reliquary in the form of a stupa rises; it replaces the altar typical of the time of Ashoka (Aśoka) (circa 268

## Pages

- [WYPRAWY ARCHEOLOGICZNE (FOTOGRAFICZNE) Z POLSKIM PRZEWODNIKIEM](https://archaeotravel.eu/archaeological-tours-guided-in-poalish/) - Zarezerwuj prywatnego przewodnika - archeologa (oraz prywatnego kierowcę) w Irlandii. Skontaktuj się z nami! Możesz skorzystać z jednej z naszych gotowych propozycji lub ofert szytych na Twoją miarę. Wyjazdy z udziałem fotografa organizowane są na prośbę podróżnika. Mam na imię Joanna. Jestem historykiem sztuki i archeologiem specjalizującym się w teologii wczesnego Chrześcijaństwa oraz historii wczesnośredniowiecznej Europy. Ta
- [ARCHAEOLOGICAL TOURS](https://archaeotravel.eu/archaeological-tours-with-a-polish-speaking-guide/) - I encourage all to take part in archaeological tours organised by Archaeotravel.eu with our partners in Europe and beyond. It is due to a passion for archaeology and tourism, a fascination with discovering what is most unique, together with a particular curiosity about archaeological mysteries that delight with their wealth. All this is served in
- [BIOGRAPHY](https://archaeotravel.eu/bio/) - Now more than ever do I realize that I will never be content with a sedentary life, that I will always be haunted by thoughts of a sun-drenched elsewhere” – Isabelle Eberhardt My name is Joanna Pyrgies. I have obtained a M.A. Degree in English Philology from University of Silesia (Poland), and another M.A. in
- [IN SEARCH FOR ARCHANGELS BEYOND SAINT MICHAEL'S LINE](https://archaeotravel.eu/in-search-of-archangels-beyond-saint-michaels-sword/) - The project mainly deals with subjects in which I specialize as an archaeologist, a religious studies scholar and art historian. Therefore, these subject matters are related to early Christianity with ancient heritage, especially studied in terms of relations between the Middle East, Africa, and the British Isles, in the context of Judeo-Christian theology, beliefs, and
- [TRACES OF THE SEVEN ARCHANGELS IN JUDEO-CHRISTIAN TRADITION](https://archaeotravel.eu/ongoing-project/) - We are the Pilgrims, master; we shall go Always a little further:it may be Beyond that last blue mountainbarred with snow, Across that angry or that glimmering sea [...]. - James Elroy Flecker (1884-1915). Where to start a project? The moment of starting the project may be a response to an offer, realising a request
- [ABOUT](https://archaeotravel.eu/home/) - Welcome to my site! I’m a travelling archaeologist and historian of art, always on the track of legends and artifacts. The more I study, the more I realize that ancient history as we have been thought in academic books is full of missing parts. While travelling and studying I take a closer look at monuments,
- [©COPYRIGHTS](https://archaeotravel.eu/copyrightarchaeotravel/) - PHOTOS : COPYRIGHT©ARCHAEOTRAVEL If not stated differently, photos used on the site are by the author. All photographs (and other digital materials) with the indication Copyright©Archaeotravel and/or with the watermark: ARCHAEOTRAVEL (and/or archaeotravel.eu), included herein, remain the copyright of the photographer and so are the property of their respective authors. Such photos published on this website
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## Tags

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